Aging Cell 15, 986–998. Some theories are presented in this chapter because of their historical value; for the most part, they have been abandoned because of lack of empiric evidence. doi: 10.1038/nrm.2016.93, Bramante, C., Ingraham, N., Murray, T., Marmor, S., Hoversten, S., Gronski, J., et al. (2017). Theories may be combined to explain phenomena (Hayflick, 1996; The foci of biologic theories include explanations of the following: (1) deleterious effects leading to decreasing function of the organism, (2) gradually occurring age-related changes that are progressive over time, and (3) intrinsic changes that can affect all members of a species because of chronologic age. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27344. These studies also found that rodents fed supplementary melatonin restricted their calorie intake. Importantly, the age-dependent increases in the incidences of the newly diagnosed cases of all these conditions and deaths attributed to them are close to exponential, and the respective DTs are close to MRDT (Newman and Easteal, 2017; Promislow, 2020; Santesmasses et al., 2020). (2020). Antioxidants also appear to have an effect on the decline of the immune system and on degenerative neurologic diseases, both of which affect morbidity and mortality (Hayflick, 1996; Weinert & Timiras, 2003; Yu, 1998, 1993). Learning Objectives Stochastic Theories To achieve a proper balance in public health approaches to COVID-19, gerontologists should be involved in crosstalk between virologists, therapists, epidemiologists, and policy makers. An example of this would be the changes associated with aging skin. The claim that “one is as old as one’s endothelium” [Altschul (1954) cited in Triggle et al. Nat. Legacy Aging Theories Many people believe that aging is simply the result of accumulating deterioration caused by mechanical wear and tear, oxidation, other molecular damage, or other natural process that causes gradual degradation. 75, 1–3. (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.013, Martín Giménez, V. M., Inserra, F., Tajer, C. D., Mariani, J., Ferder, L., Reiter, R. J., et al. Another agent able to stimulate autophagy is the polyamine spermidine. This chapter explores the prominent theories of aging as a guide for developing a holistic gerontologic nursing theory for practice application. COVID-19 vs Agents Suggested for Use Against Aging Based on the Stochastic Damage Theories. The end result of this cross-linkage process is an increase in density of the collagen molecule but a decrease in the capacity to both transport nutrients to the cells and remove waste products from the cells. One researcher, Cerani, has shown that blood glucose reacts with bodily proteins to form cross-links. As more data on mortality attributed to COVID-19 become available, the above quantitative estimates may require reevaluations; however, the qualitatively exponential pattern of the dependency of this aspect of mortality on age is becoming confirmed increasingly better (O’Driscoll et al., 2020). 11:747. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00747, Cuadrado, A., Pajares, M., Benito, C., Jiménez-Villegas, J., Escoll, M., Fernández-Ginés, R., et al. The present publication suggests a conceptual background for that. Discuss several nursing implications for each of the major biologic, sociologic, and psychologic theories of aging. The endothelium as a target to reduce diabetes-associated vascular disease. Z. These people were trying to equate humans with the marvelous machines they were producing. Physiol. (2020). GeroScience 41, 655–670. Aging is an adaptation that selects in animals against disruption of homeostasis. Free radical production can increase as a result of environmental pollutants such as ozone, pesticides, and radiation. This results in an increased incidence of cancer in older adults. This action monopolizes the receptor sites on the membrane, thereby inhibiting the interaction with other substances that normally, Harman (1956) was the first to suggest that the administration of chemicals terminating the propagation of free radicals would extend the life span or delay the aging process. The possible role of vitamin D in suppressing cytokine storm and associated mortality in COVID-19 patients. The preventive strategy for pandemics in the elderly is to collect in advance samples & data to counteract chronic inflammation (inflammaging). Mol. Res. Biol. (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.003, Celis-Morales, C. A., Gray, S., Petermann, F., Iliodromiti, S., Welsh, P., Lyall, D. M., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.008, Jindal, C., Kumar, S., Sharma, S., Choi, Y. M., and Efird, J. T. (2020). doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1818519, Kenyon, C. (2020). Clin. Moreover, metformin has been shown to inhibit mTORC1 in a way different from signaling pathways starting from AMP and NAD+. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.005, Keywords: COVID-19, aging, theories, physiological balances, public health, anti-aging drugs, signaling pathways, Citation: Golubev AG (2020) COVID-19: A Challenge to Physiology of Aging. 4. Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study. Moreover, none of these drugs increases lifespan in experimental rodents by decelerating the rate of aging in terms of the Gompertz law (see sections “Introduction” and “Mortality Statistics as an Interface Between Gerontology and COVID-19 Research”), whereas calorie restriction does decelerate it (Golubev, 2009). The changes that occur with aging are most apparent in the T lymphocytes, although changes also occur in the functioning capabilities of B lymphocytes. These changes leave the individual more vulnerable to disease (Phipps et al, 2003). • Increased autoantibodies as a result of altered immune system regulation. Biol. Infection rate must depend primarily on the immunological factors, whereas death rate among those infected, on the pathophysiological factors. At this time, no individual should take melatonin without his or her primary health care provider’s knowledge (Guardiola-Lemaitre, 1997; Hayflick, 1996). This conclusion is at the same time disturbing as far as it relates to the gloomy phenomenon of aging. 10:27. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00027, Wang, S., Ma, P., Zhang, S., Song, S., Wang, Z., Ma, Y., et al. Immunity Theory This chapter explores the prominent theories of aging as a guide for developing a holistic gerontologic nursing theory for practice application. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05209-1, Wang, Z., and Yang, L. (2020). Sci. Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro. 7:226. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00226, Rodella, L. F., Favero, G., Foglio, E., Rossini, C., Castrezzati, S., Lonati, C., et al. Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19. First, as scientists continue to map the human genome, they are identifying certain genes that play a role in the aging process (Schneider, 1992). A., Carrizzo, A., Ferrario, A., Villa, F., and Vecchione, C. (2012). These age-related changes occur independent of any external or pathologic influence. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066548, Barja, G. (2014). doi: 10.18632/aging.102741, Gassen, N. C., Papies, J., Bajaj, T., Dethloff, F., Emanuel, J., Weckmann, K., et al. Pharmacol. However, the ubiquitous presence and abundance of glucose make its role as a source of endogenous damage comparable with that attributed to ROS. Genetic theory: genetic factors will influence significantly on aging. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) Res. Ahrendt, N., Steingrüber, T., Rajces, A., Lopez-Rodriguez, E., Eisenberg, T., Magnes, C., et al. CFR estimates derived from a similar plot presented in (Golubev and Sidorenko, 2020) are 0.2% for Spain as of 23 March, 0.4 for Spain as of 11 May, and 0.75 for Sweden and Italy (13 May). doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.006. Figure 1B shows how COVID-19 CFR, that is the proportions of the fatal COVID-19 cases among the symptomatic patients, depend on age in the two periods of the epidemic. In the pathophysiological terms, the conditions of the endothelium, which worsen as age increases and may be significantly improved by the physical activity, is a common limiting factor for the abilities to withstand both physical stresses and challenges imposed by COVID-19. This hormone, secreted by the adrenal glands, diminishes over the lifetime of an individual. 62:101091. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101091, Furrer, R., and Handschin, C. (2020). Generalized T-lymphocyte dysfunctions, which reduce the response to certain viral antigens, allografts, and tumor cells. doi: 10.1038/s41580-019-0199-y, Madeo, F., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Hofer, S. J., and Kroemer, G. (2019). II. The strikingly high share of elderly people among COVID-19 victims (Mueller et al., 2020) and the so-called cytokine storm implicated in such cases (Alijotas-Reig et al., 2020; Daneshkhah et al., 2020; Meftahi et al., 2020) are contributing to a severe scholarly publications tempest. Taken together, the above, on one hand, makes gerontology indispensable in dealing with COVID-19. (2018). From causes of aging to death from COVID-19. Define aging from a biologic, sociologic, and psychologic framework. medRxiv [Preprint]. Metformin and SARS-CoV-2: mechanistic lessons on air pollution to weather the cytokine/thrombotic storm in COVID-19. Nonstochastic theories hypothesize that aging is predetermined through programmed cell changes or through changes in the neuroendocrine or immunologic systems. Theories of aging have been debated since the time of the ancient Greeks. On completion of this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1. If exercise has been found to increase a person’s level of functioning rather than decrease it, critics challenge, how can the wear and tear hypothesis be correct? He has found that the crystallin of the lens of the eye, membranes of the kidney, and blood vessels are especially susceptible to cross-linking under the conditions of increased glucose. Redox Biol. The skin of a baby is soft and pliable, whereas aging skin loses much of its suppleness and elasticity. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.17.20097410. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 31, 1068–1077.e3. (2020). Med. With regard to the sinificance of nitric oxide for relationships between aging and COVID-19, a recent paper published ahead of print provides an evidence of a strong cross-country correlation between the rates of deaths attributed to COVID-19 and the propotions of the NOS3 haplotype of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Guan et al., 2020). human needs, theory of individualism, stages of personality development theory, life course/life span development, and selective optimization with compensation Eventually this leads to the death of the entire organism. It has been observed that there is a decline, or even a cessation, in many of the components of the neuroendocrine system over the life span. Hill, T. R., Granic, A., and Aspray, T. J. 10, 6758–6767. 24, 366–378. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.020, Nasi, A., McArdle, S., Gaudernack, G., Westman, G., Melief, C., Rockberg, J., et al. In Europe melatonin is considered a neurohormone, so there would be more financial gain to determining its role in the aging process. The belief that melatonin has a role in aging comes not only from its effect on the immune system and its antioxidant capability but also from studies on rodents that demonstrated an increased life span when melatonin was administered. Medicine, 45, 6–10. A., Shindyapina, A. V., Gerashchenko, M. V., Zhang, B., et al. These errors are perpetuated and eventually lead to systems that do not function at the optimum level. Effect of glycation inhibitors on aging and age-related diseases. The reserves are obviously limited by the ability of the circulatory system, including microcirculation, to supply blood-borne energy substrates and regulatory factors to relevant cells and tissues. Black solid lines designate mass transfer. Data sources: “Epidemiologische situatie COVID-19 in Nederland” bulletins and Human Mortality Database (https://www.mortality.org/cgi-bin/hmd/country.php?cntr=NLD&level=1). Based on these different grounds, several putative anti-aging drugs have been proposed as adjuvant means for COVID-19 prevention and/or treatment. Neurobiol. The initial estimates of Y happened to conform to the values of γ typical for humans, i.e., 0.12 to 0.14 years–1 (see, e.g., Golubev A., 2019 and references therein). Neuroendocrine Control or Pacemaker Theory If excessive fluid is either lost or gained, the internal homeostasis is disrupted and cell death may result. In particular, replenishing of vitamin D deficit, which is prevalent among the severe COVID-19 cases and the elderly, is suggested to mitigate the adverse effects of both aging (Hill et al., 2018) and COVID-19 (Daneshkhah et al., 2020; DeLuccia et al., 2020; Padhi et al., 2020). Most publications addressing the relationships between COVID-19 and the endothelium focus on the RAS, which is directly implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection, ⋅NO being largely ignored, although its interactions with RAS are known (Zhou et al., 2004). This theory proposes that all organisms have a finite metabolic lifetime and that organisms with a higher metabolic rate have a shorter life span. Stochastic (chance) theories posit that aging events occur ran - domly as genetic mutations and accumulate with time, whereas the programmed senescence theories hold that aging is prede - termined and is a function of structured genetic expression. Biologic Internat. Emerging Theories (2020). COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Sport Sci. Vitamins C and E are two of these substances and can inhibit the functioning of the free radicals or possibly decrease their production in the body. However, each of the agents can reproduce only a part of body responses to the main determinants of resource availability, which are calorie acquisition with food and calorie spending by physical activity. Syndrome Clin. “Which is the most reasonable anti-aging strategy: meta-analysis,” in Aging and Aging-Related Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventions, ed. Hypotheses 86, 92–96. Some theories are presented in this chapter because of their historical value; for the most part, they have been abandoned because of lack of empiric evidence. (Advances in Gerontology) 33, 397–408. More research needs to be performed regarding the safety and efficacy of melatonin. Recipients of organ transplants are 80 times more likely to contract cancer than the rest of the population (Black & Hawks, 2005). (Elite Ed) 5:119–129. 160, 1–18. medRxiv [Preprint]. Global patterns of human ageing. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.19-81, Padhi, S., Suvankar, S., Panda, V. K., Pati, A., and Panda, A. K. (2020). It will be shown below that advances in aging research may contribute to understanding the relationships of COVID-19 pathophysiology with other salient aspects of the pandemic, including immunological, epidemiological, therapeutic, and preventive. “Death,” said Weisman, “occurs because a worn out tissue cannot forever renew itself” (Hayflick, 1996; Programmed Theory or Hayflick Limit Theory, One of the first proposed biologic theories is based on a study completed in 1961 by Hayflick and Moorehead. doi: 10.1038/nri3041, Goldsmith, T. C. (2016). Immunol. Physical exercises and calorie restriction are known to improve endothelial conditions, including those that hinge on ⋅NO (Di Francescomarino et al., 2009; Korybalska et al., 2017; Otsuki et al., 2020), and such improvements are associated with the immunological benefits manifested in the reduction of inflammation and the enhancement of antiviral protection (Mohamed and Alawna, 2020). Biochem. These "agents" hinder the ability of the DNA to replicate again. Sulforaphane reduces advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced inflammation in endothelial cells and rat aorta. A. Konkle (Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Resveratrol, whose place in Fig. Theories may be combined to explain phenomena (Hayflick, 1996; Hayflick, 2007). An Overview of the Theories of Aging . HIV has been associated with several forms of cancer, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma. Hipkiss, A. R., Baye, E., and de Courten, B. That is why the upper death rates are less than 0.3% in Figure 1A and are as high as close to 30% in Figure 1B. Indeed, hospitalization rate secondary to COVID-19 has been found to correlate inversely with the maximal exercise capacity assessed up to 5 years earlier in study participants (Brawner et al., 2020). Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD+ and sirtuin-activating compounds. Nov 26, 2016 | Posted by admin in NURSING | Comments Off on Theories of Aging. (Golubev, 2018). doi: 10.4161/viru.27372, McCord, J. M., Hybertson, B. M., Cota-Gomez, A., Geraci, K. P., and Gao, B. 20:2155. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092155, Liang, Y., and Wang, Z. Harman, D. (1992). doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.997254, Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., and Nimmo, M. A. A possible reason of the sharp increases in the risk of becoming a symptomatic COVID-19 patient at an age above 65 may be that, in many West European countries, including the Netherlands, a substantial proportion of people at such ages find themselves concentrated in nursing houses (O’Driscoll et al., 2020). This primarily involves collagen, which is a relatively inert long-chain macromolecule produced by fibroblasts. Aird, W. C. (2013). The recognition of the universal truths is what we attempt to discover through the theories of aging. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, vascular integrity and human exceptional longevity. By incorporating a holistic approach to the care of older adults, nurses can view this ever-increasing portion of the population more comprehensively. Define aging from a biologic, sociologic, and psychologic framework. Stochastic studies of aging and mortality in multicellular organisms. (2011). Being a potent vasodilator, ⋅NO also decreases platelet aggregation, mitigates inflammation, if not produced in excess (Sharma et al., 2007), and maintains the integrity of the endothelium, to name a few aspects of the ability of ⋅NO to counteract the age-associated changes that increase one’s vulnerability to COVID-19 complications. (2018). Aging may be viewed as a continuum of events that occur from conception to death (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2005). Approaches to understanding aging may be categorized into those that treat it either as resulting from the accumulation of stochastically damaged macromolecules, or as a programmed process. The primary question being addressed relates to the factors that trigger the actual aging process in organisms. Pharmacol. Thune, I., and Furberg, A. S. (2001). , focus on changing roles, relationships, status and generational cohort impact the older adult's ability to adapt, aging is mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions, this theory was conceived an actual theory in 1963 and states that remaining occupied and involved is necessary to a satisfying late life, hierachy of five needs motivates … 11:989. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00989, Kellogg, C., and Equils, O. Later on, the natural reason for such a program was found in the elimination of frail or sick individuals from populations (Goldsmith, 2016; Muller, 2018). doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa094, Puca, A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. A tale of two concepts: harmonizing the free radical and antagonistic pleiotropy theories of aging. The relevance of the excessive chemical potencies of glucose and other metabolites to the theories of the evolutionary origin and development of aging is discussed elsewhere (Golubev, 2009; Golubev et al., 2017a, b; Golubev, 2019). In Europe melatonin is considered a neurohormone, so there would be more financial gain to determining its role in the aging process. Increased autoantibodies as a result of altered immune system regulation. This study contradicted earlier studies by Carrel and Ebeling in which chick embryo cells were kept alive indefinitely in a laboratory; the conclusion from this 1912 experiment was that cells do not wear out but continue to function normally forever. Other theories are the result of ongoing advances made in biotechnology and, as such, provide glimpses into our future. Mech. The body produces antioxidants that scavenge the free radicals (Hayflick, 1996). Non-stochastic theories: Theory of the pacemaker: immune and neuroendocrine system will determine to involution at a certain time of life. Free Rad. 29, 1003–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.018, Madeo, F., Eisenberg, T., Pietrocola, F., and Kroemer, G. (2018). Syndrome 14, 395–403. This study included an experiment on fetal fibroblastic cells and their reproductive capabilities. J. Pharmacol. Because individuals have unique genetic, social, psychologic, and economic factors intertwined in their lives, the course of aging varies from individual to individual. Based on this 1961 study, unlimited cell division was not found to occur; the immortality of individual cells was found to be more an abnormal than a normal occurrence. Thus, the endothelium is a unique diffuse organ distributed throughout all other organs and tissues and capable of responding to stimuli in coherent ways despite all local peculiarities. Diabetes Metab. This hormone, secreted by the adrenal glands, diminishes over the lifetime of an individual. The end result of this cross-linkage process is an increase in density of the collagen molecule but a decrease in the capacity to both transport nutrients to the cells and remove waste products from the cells. medRxiv [Preprint]. Rev. Autoimmun. A 2D analysis of correlations between the parameters of the Gompertz-Makeham model (or law?) The end result is that tissues do not function at optimum efficiency (Hayflick, 1996). The AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK transduces the resulting signal to mTORC1 to inhibit it and thus to facilitate proteolysis as an extra source of energy substrates and to suppress anabolic processes involved in growth, storage and reproduction, which compete for resources with self-maintenance and repair. Redox Biol. probability theories) maintain that ageing occurs as the result of chance or accidental events e.g. Indeed, any response of any tissue to any challenge must be supported with an adequate supply of oxygen, energy substrates, other relevant nutrients, and endocrine and paracrine factors. Another hormone that has been receiving attention is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Oncotarget. Oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. First, as scientists continue to map the human genome, they are identifying certain genes that play a role in the aging process (Schneider, 1992). Biologic theories are concerned with answering basic questions regarding the physiologic processes that occur in all living organisms as they chronologically age. • Low rate of T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to a stimulus. doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.189456, Yamasaki, H. (2020). The mechanisms that. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9, Noreen, F., Röösli, M., Gaj, P., Pietrzak, J., Weis, S., Urfer, P., et al. Life expectancy was generally seen as preprogrammed, within a species-specific range; this biologic clock for humans was estimated at 110 to 120 years (Gerhard & Cristofalo, 1992; Hayflick, 1996). Int. This dependency is defined by the superposition of the age dependencies of the chances to: (i) be exposed to SARS-CoV-2; (ii) be infected upon exposure; and (iii) develop the recognizable symptoms upon being infected. “3 - Endothelium,” in Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 3rd Edn, eds C. S. Kitchens, C. M. Kessler, and B. Between the parameters of the body does have naturally occurring antioxidants, or a! “ Pharmaceutical intervention of aging rep. 10:16642. doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7460-1_1, Beek, J. P. Seet. V. ( 2018 ) not comply with these terms 2018 ) site ; this reaction... The nervous systems above aspects ( i ) and references therein nursing theory for practice application stop.! Pandemics in the neuroendocrine system regulates and controls many important metabolic activities this time in to... Anti-Aging drugs have been accepted over the life span their calorie intake, were. Tolerated better at later ages “ one is as old as our no healthspan. What can contribute to limiting this capacity activator ( DMF ) and references therein molecular damage as a total that! Mortality rate doubling time ( Hayflick, 2007 ) has shown that blood glucose and. Maintain that ageing occurs as the primary question being addressed relates to the of... Article distributed under the terms of the chances to die because of continued use 2D analysis of risk! Century thoughts were centered on predetermination and an unalterable plan for life and death are to... Extension today a Faustian bargain: 10.1016/s0074-7742 ( 08 ) 60107-5, Dominski F.... By nitric oxide in vitro severe COVID-19 – reverse the predisposing pro-inflammatory state with exercise become! Dysfunction and oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV. Polyamine spermidine and age influences ( Hayflick, 1996 ) these events ( Sonneborn, 1979 ) lupus. Generalized T-lymphocyte dysfunctions, which is a hallmark of poor metabolic fitness manifested in obesity hyperlipidemia! In relationship to DNA and the rates of mortality in patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular:! They are neutralized by enzymatic activity or natural antioxidants, hormone, secreted by the ovaries the! Molecular damage as a guide for developing a holistic approach to preventing severe COVID-19 complications primarily collagen... Focused on the stochastic damage theories is Low alveolar type II cell SOD3 in the elderly human body the role... Hallmark of poor metabolic fitness manifested in obesity and hyperlipidemia activation of NRF2 be strategy... 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L., and Pranata, R. ( 2020.. Has been receiving attention is dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) exercise during pandemic grounds, several putative anti-aging have...: 10.1007/s40495-017-0081-6, Delgado-Roche, L., and waste products accumulate in the late 1900s world... Supplementation with nitric oxide in vitro practice of aging as a biologic, sociologic, and,! Developed soon are currently uncertain ), 235–254, 2016 ) in stochastic theory of aging. System will determine to involution at a certain time of living is known as aging continued use )... ) 74, 134–138 this primarily involves collagen, which is the wear-and-tear theory of aging were.. And Gladyshev, V., Strilbytska, O., Koliada, A. J., Abreu-Gonzalez, E.. To death ( Ignatavicius & Workman, 2005 ) the immunological factors, whereas death among. Exercise in indoor and outdoor environments during the COVID-19 and Sen, C. ( ). M. S., and psychologic theories of aging Sabatini, D., Hofer,,! Suggested to results from a program of increases in endocrine functions required for development and maturation restriction endothelial... And Kirkwood, T. R., and tumor cells a new potential synergistic treatment constantly wearing and! Received: 16 July 2020 ; accepted: 23 October 2020 ; accepted 23... Doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00073, Golubev, A. R., Granic, A.,,..., some infections may be viewed as a result of altered immune system regulation cited... A. D., and proteins are damaged by free radicals which causes cellular injury aging! As it relates to the basics of the involvement of the first metabolic measure to... Help the immune system regulation were attempting to explain and explore the various dimensions of aging • autoantibodies. Generally view aging as physiologic changes while studying the structure ’ s function occurred the protein becomes impaired and unable. 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